Goldwin Smith (13 August 1823 – 7 June 1910) was a British historian and journalist, active in the

United Kingdom The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in Europe, off the north-western coast of the continental mainland. It comprises England, Scotland, Wales and North ...

and Canada. In the 1860s he also taught at

Cornell University Cornell University is a private statutory land-grant research university based in Ithaca, New York. It is a member of the Ivy League. Founded in 1865 by Ezra Cornell and Andrew Dickson White, Cornell was founded with the intention to teach an ...

in the United States.

Life and career

Early life and education

Smith was born at

Reading, Berkshire Reading ( ) is a town and borough in Berkshire, Southeast England, southeast England. Located in the Thames Valley at the confluence of the rivers River Thames, Thames and River Kennet, Kennet, the Great Western Main Line railway and the M4 mot ...

. He was educated at

Eton College Eton College () is a public school in Eton, Berkshire, England. It was founded in 1440 by Henry VI under the name ''Kynge's College of Our Ladye of Eton besyde Windesore'',Nevill, p. 3 ff. intended as a sister institution to King's College, C ...

and

Magdalen College, Oxford Magdalen College (, ) is a constituent college of the University of Oxford. It was founded in 1458 by William of Waynflete. Today, it is the fourth wealthiest college, with a financial endowment of £332.1 million as of 2019 and one of the s ...

, and after a brilliant undergraduate career he was elected to a fellowship at

University College, Oxford University College (in full The College of the Great Hall of the University of Oxford, colloquially referred to as "Univ") is a constituent college of the University of Oxford in England. It has a claim to being the oldest college of the univer ...

. He threw his energy into the cause of university reform with another fellow of University College,

Arthur Penrhyn Stanley Arthur Penrhyn Stanley, (13 December 1815 – 18 July 1881), known as Dean Stanley, was an English Anglican priest and ecclesiastical historian. He was Dean of Westminster from 1864 to 1881. His position was that of a Broad Churchman and he wa ...

. On the Royal Commission of 1850 to inquire into the reform of the university, of which Stanley was secretary, Smith served as assistant-secretary; and he was then secretary to the commissioners appointed by the act of 1854. His position as an authority on educational reform was further recognised by a seat on the Popular Education Commission of 1858. In 1868, when the question of reform at

Oxford Oxford () is a city in England. It is the county town and only city of Oxfordshire. In 2020, its population was estimated at 151,584. It is north-west of London, south-east of Birmingham and north-east of Bristol. The city is home to the ...

was again growing acute, he published a

pamphlet A pamphlet is an unbound book (that is, without a hard cover or binding). Pamphlets may consist of a single sheet of paper that is printed on both sides and folded in half, in thirds, or in fourths, called a ''leaflet'' or it may consist of a ...

, entitled ''The Reorganization of the University of Oxford''. In 1865, he led the

University of Oxford , mottoeng = The Lord is my light , established = , endowment = £6.1 billion (including colleges) (2019) , budget = £2.145 billion (2019–20) , chancellor ...

opposition to a proposal to develop

Cripley Meadow Cripley Meadow lies between the Castle Mill Stream, a backwater of the River Thames, and the Cotswold Line railway to the east, and Fiddler's Island, on the main branch of the Thames to the west, in Oxford, England. It is to the south of the bet ...

north of

Oxford railway station Oxford railway station is a mainline railway station, one of two serving the city of Oxford, England. It is about west of the city centre, north-west of Frideswide Square and the eastern end of Botley Road. It is on the line for trains between ...

for use as a major site of

Great Western Railway The Great Western Railway (GWR) was a British railway company that linked London with the southwest, west and West Midlands of England and most of Wales. It was founded in 1833, received its enabling Act of Parliament on 31 August 1835 and ran ...

(GWR) workshops. His father had been a director of GWR. Instead the workshops were located in

Swindon Swindon () is a town and unitary authority with Borough status in the United Kingdom, borough status in Wiltshire, England. As of the 2021 Census, the population of Swindon was 201,669, making it the largest town in the county. The Swindon un ...

. He was public with his pro-Northern sympathies during the

American Civil War The American Civil War (April 12, 1861 – May 26, 1865; also known by other names) was a civil war in the United States. It was fought between the Union ("the North") and the Confederacy ("the South"), the latter formed by states th ...

, notably in a speech at the Free Trade Hall, Manchester in April 1863 and his ''Letter to a Whig Member of the Southern Independence Association'' the following year.Kent, Christopher A. (2004). "Smith, Goldwin (1823–1910)", ''

Oxford Dictionary of National Biography The ''Dictionary of National Biography'' (''DNB'') is a standard work of reference on notable figures from British history, published since 1885. The updated ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'' (''ODNB'') was published on 23 September ...

,'' Oxford University Press. Besides the

Universities Tests Act 1871 The Universities Tests Act 1871 was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It abolished religious "Tests" and allowed Roman Catholics, non-conformists and non-Christians to take up professorships, fellowships, studentships and other ...

, which abolished religious tests, many of the reforms suggested, such as the revival of the faculties, the reorganisation of the professoriate, the abolition of celibacy as a condition of the tenure of fellowships, and the combination of the colleges for lecturing purposes, were incorporated in the act of 1877, or subsequently adopted by the university. Smith gave the counsel of perfection that "pass" examinations ought to cease; but he recognised that this change "must wait on the reorganization of the educational institutions immediately below the university, at which a passman ought to finish his career." His aspiration that colonists and Americans should be attracted to Oxford was later realised by the will of

Cecil Rhodes Cecil John Rhodes (5 July 1853 – 26 March 1902) was a British mining magnate and politician in southern Africa who served as Prime Minister of the Cape Colony from 1890 to 1896. An ardent believer in British imperialism, Rhodes and his Br ...

. On what is perhaps the vital problem of modern education, the question of ancient versus modern languages, he pronounced that the latter "are indispensable accomplishments, but they do not form a high mental training" – an opinion entitled to peculiar respect as coming from a president of the Modern Language Association.

Oxford years

He held the

regius professorship of Modern History at Oxford The Regius Professor of History at the University of Oxford is a long-established professorial position. Holders of the title have often been medieval historians. The first appointment was made in 1724. The term "Regius" reflects the origins of t ...

from 1858 to 1866, that "ancient history, besides the still unequalled excellence of the writers, is the 'best instrument for cultivating the historical sense." As a historian, indeed, he left no abiding work; the multiplicity of his interests prevented him from concentrating on any one subject. His chief historical writings – ''The United Kingdom: a Political History'' (1899), and ''The United States: an Outline of Political History'' (1893) — though based on thorough familiarity with their subject, make no claim to original research, but are remarkable examples of terse and brilliant narrative. He was elected as a member of the

American Philosophical Society The American Philosophical Society (APS), founded in 1743 in Philadelphia, is a scholarly organization that promotes knowledge in the sciences and humanities through research, professional meetings, publications, library resources, and communit ...

in 1865. The outbreak of the

proved a turning point in his life. Unlike most of the ruling classes in England, he championed the cause of the North, and his pamphlets, especially one entitled ''Does the Bible Sanction American Slavery?'' (1863), played a prominent part in converting English opinion. Visiting America on a lecture tour in 1864, he received an enthusiastic welcome, and was entertained at a public banquet in New York.

Andrew Dickson White Andrew Dickson White (November 7, 1832 – November 4, 1918) was an American historian and educator who cofounded Cornell University and served as its first president for nearly two decades. He was known for expanding the scope of college curricu ...

, president of

at Ithaca, N.Y., invited him to take up a teaching post at the newly founded institution. But it was not until a dramatic change in Smith's personal circumstances that led to his departure from England in 1868, that he took up the post. He had resigned his chair at Oxford in 1866 in order to attend to his father, who had suffered permanent injury in a railway accident. In the autumn of 1867, when Smith was briefly absent, his father took his own life. Possibly blaming himself for the tragedy, and now without an Oxford appointment, he decided to move to North America.

Cornell years

Smith's time at Cornell was brief, but his impact there was significant. He held the professorship of English and Constitutional History in the Department of History at

from 1868 to 1872. The addition of Smith to Cornell's faculty gave the newly opened university "instant credibility." Smith was something of an academic celebrity, and his lectures were sometimes printed in New York newspapers. During Smith's time at Cornell he accepted no salary and provided much financial support to the institution. In 1869 he had his personal library shipped from England and donated to the university. He lived at Cascadilla Hall among the students, and was much beloved by them. In 1871 Smith moved to

Toronto Toronto ( ; or ) is the capital city of the Canadian province of Ontario. With a recorded population of 2,794,356 in 2021, it is the most populous city in Canada and the fourth most populous city in North America. The city is the ancho ...

to live with relatives, but retained an honorary professorship at Cornell and returned to campus frequently to lecture. When he did, he insisted on staying with the students at Cascadilla Hall rather than in a hotel. Smith bequeathed the bulk of his estate to the University in his will. Smith's abrupt departure from Cornell was credited to several factors, including the Ithaca weather, Cornell's geographic isolation, Smith's health, and political tensions between Britain and America. But the decisive factor in Smith's departure was the university's decision to admit women. Goldwin Smith told White that admitting women would cause Cornell to "sink at once from the rank of a University to that of an Oberlin or a high school" and that all "hopes of future greatness" would be lost by admitting women. Arts Quad and Goldwin Smith Hall

On June 19, 1906, Goldwin Smith Hall was dedicated, at the time Cornell's largest building and its first building dedicated to the humanities, as well as the first home to the

College of Arts and Sciences A College of Arts and Sciences or School of Arts and Sciences is most commonly an individual institution or a unit within a university that focuses on instruction of the liberal arts and pure sciences, although they frequently include programs and ...

. Smith personally laid the cornerstone for the building in October 1904 and attended the 1906 dedication. The ''Cornell Alumni News'' observed on the occasion, "To attempt to express even in a measure the reverence and affection which all Cornellians feel for Goldwin Smith would be attempting a hopeless task. His presence here is appreciated as the presence of no other person could be."

Toronto

In Toronto, Smith edited the ''Canadian Monthly'', and subsequently founded the ''

Week A week is a unit of time equal to seven days. It is the standard time period used for short cycles of days in most parts of the world. The days are often used to indicate common work days and rest days, as well as days of worship. Weeks are ofte ...

'' and the ''Bystander'', and where he spent the rest of his life living in The Grange manor. In 1893, Smith was elected a member of the

American Antiquarian Society The American Antiquarian Society (AAS), located in Worcester, Massachusetts, is both a learned society and a national research library of pre-twentieth-century American history and culture. Founded in 1812, it is the oldest historical society in ...

. In his later years he expressed his views in a weekly journal, ''

The Farmer's Sun ''The Farmer's Sun'' (also known as the ''Canadian Farmer's Sun'' and ''The Weekly Sun'' at various times) was a progressive weekly periodical published in Ontario from 1892 until 1934. It was, at various times, the official organ of several succe ...

'', and published in 1904 ''My Memory of Gladstone'', while occasional letters to the ''Spectator'' showed that he had lost neither his interest in English politics and social questions nor his remarkable gifts of style. He died at his residence in

, The Grange.

Political views

He continued to take an active interest in English politics. As a Liberal, he opposed

Benjamin Disraeli Benjamin Disraeli, 1st Earl of Beaconsfield, (21 December 1804 – 19 April 1881) was a British statesman and Conservative politician who twice served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. He played a central role in the creation o ...

, and was a strong supporter of

Irish Disestablishment The Irish Church Act 1869 (32 & 33 Vict. c. 42) was an Act of Parliament, Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom which separated the Church of Ireland from the Church of England and disestablishment, disestablished the former, a body that com ...

, but refused to follow

Gladstone William Ewart Gladstone ( ; 29 December 1809 – 19 May 1898) was a British statesman and Liberal politician. In a career lasting over 60 years, he served for 12 years as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, spread over four non-conse ...

in accepting Home Rule. He expressly stated that "if he ever had a political leader, his leader was

John Bright John Bright (16 November 1811 – 27 March 1889) was a British Radical and Liberal statesman, one of the greatest orators of his generation and a promoter of free trade policies. A Quaker, Bright is most famous for battling the Corn Laws ...

, not Mr Gladstone." Causes that he powerfully attacked were

Prohibition Prohibition is the act or practice of forbidding something by law; more particularly the term refers to the banning of the manufacture, storage (whether in barrels or in bottles), transportation, sale, possession, and consumption of alcoholic ...

female suffrage Women's suffrage is the right of women to vote in elections. Beginning in the start of the 18th century, some people sought to change voting laws to allow women to vote. Liberal political parties would go on to grant women the right to vot ...

and

state socialism State socialism is a political and economic ideology within the socialist movement that advocates state ownership of the means of production. This is intended either as a temporary measure, or as a characteristic of socialism in the transition fr ...

, as he discussed in his ''Essays on Questions of the Day'' (revised edition, 1894). He also published sympathetic monographs on

William Cowper William Cowper ( ; 26 November 1731 – 25 April 1800) was an English poet and Anglican hymnwriter. One of the most popular poets of his time, Cowper changed the direction of 18th-century nature poetry by writing of everyday life and scen ...

and

Jane Austen Jane Austen (; 16 December 1775 – 18 July 1817) was an English novelist known primarily for her six major novels, which interpret, critique, and comment upon the British landed gentry at the end of the 18th century. Austen's plots of ...

, and attempted verse in ''Bay Leaves and Specimens of Greek Tragedy''. In his ''Guesses at the Riddle of Existence'' (1897), he abandoned the faith in Christianity that he had expressed in his lecture of 1861, ''Historical Progress'', in which he forecast the speedy reunion of Christendom on the "basis of free conviction," and wrote in a spirit "not of Agnosticism, if Agnosticism imports despair of spiritual truth, but of free and hopeful inquiry, the way for which it is necessary to clear by removing the wreck of that upon which we can found our faith no more."

Anglo-Saxonism

Smith is considered by historian Edward P. Kohn to be a "devout Anglo-Saxonist", a racial belief system developed by British and American intellectuals, politicians and academics in the 19th century. In his view, Smith defined the "Anglo-Saxon race" as not necessarily being limited to

English people The English people are an ethnic group and nation native to England, who speak the English language in England, English language, a West Germanic languages, West Germanic language, and share a common history and culture. The English identi ...

, but extended to the

Welsh Welsh may refer to: Related to Wales * Welsh, referring or related to Wales * Welsh language, a Brittonic Celtic language spoken in Wales * Welsh people People * Welsh (surname) * Sometimes used as a synonym for the ancient Britons (Celtic peop ...

and

Lowland Upland and lowland are conditional descriptions of a plain based on elevation above sea level. In studies of the ecology of freshwater rivers, habitats are classified as upland or lowland. Definitions Upland and lowland are portions of ...

Scots, though not the

Irish Irish may refer to: Common meanings * Someone or something of, from, or related to: ** Ireland, an island situated off the north-western coast of continental Europe ***Éire, Irish language name for the isle ** Northern Ireland, a constituent unit ...

. Speaking in 1886, he proclaimed that he was standing "by the side of

against the dismemberment of the great Anglo-Saxon community of the West, as I now stand against the dismemberment of the great Anglo-Saxon community of the East." These words formed the key to his views of the future of the British Empire and he was a leading member of the anti-imperialist "

Little Englander In its original meaning during the late 18th and 19th centuries, a "Little Englander" was a member of the Liberal Party who was opposed to expansion of the British Empire, as well as certain traditionalist conservatives who wanted England to exte ...

" movement. Smith thought that Canada was destined by geography to become part of the United States. In his view, separated by artificial north–south barriers, into zones communicating naturally with adjoining portions of the United States, Canada was an artificially constructed and badly-governed nation. In his view, it would eventually break away from the British Empire, and the "Anglo-Saxons" of the North American continent would become one nation. These views are most fully developed in his work '' Canada and the Canadian Question'' (1891). Smiths's views on the future of

Canada–United States relations Relations between Canada and the United States have historically been extensive, given the two countries' shared origins and border, which is the longest in the world. Starting with the American Revolution, when Loyalists fled to Canada, a vocal ...

was criticised by Canadian priest

George Monro Grant George Monro Grant (December 22, 1835 – May 10, 1902) was a Canadian church minister, writer, and political activist. He served as principal of Queen's College, Kingston, Ontario, for 25 years, from 1877 until 1902. Early life, education Gr ...

in the ''

Canadian Magazine The ''Canadian Magazine of Politics, Science, Art and Literature'' was the premiere monthly literary journal of Anglophone Canada for three decades. History and profile Edited first by James Gordon Mowat then by John Alexander Cooper, the first i ...

''.

Imperialism

Smith identified as an

anti-imperialist Anti-imperialism in political science and international relations is a term used in a variety of contexts, usually by nationalist movements who want to secede from a larger polity (usually in the form of an empire, but also in a multi-ethnic so ...

, describing himself as "anti-Imperialistic to the core". Despite this, he admired aspects of the British Empire; speaking on the topic of

British rule in India The British Raj (; from Hindi ''rāj'': kingdom, realm, state, or empire) was the rule of the British Crown on the Indian subcontinent; * * it is also called Crown rule in India, * * * * or Direct rule in India, * Quote: "Mill, who was himsel ...

, Smith claimed that "it is the noblest the world has seen... Never had there been such an attempt to make conquest the servant of civilization. About keeping India there is no question. England has a real duty there." Smith remained resolutely opposed to Britain granting more

representative government Representative democracy, also known as indirect democracy, is a types of democracy, type of democracy where elected people Representation (politics), represent a group of people, in contrast to direct democracy. Nearly all modern liberal democr ...

to India, expressing fear that this would lead to a "murderous anarchy." When the

Second Boer War The Second Boer War ( af, Tweede Vryheidsoorlog, , 11 October 189931 May 1902), also known as the Boer War, the Anglo–Boer War, or the South African War, was a conflict fought between the British Empire and the two Boer Republics (the Sout ...

(1899-1902) broke out, Smith published several articles in the

Canadian press The Canadian Press (CP; french: La Presse canadienne, ) is a Canadian national news agency headquartered in Toronto, Ontario. Established in 1917 as a vehicle for the time's Canadian newspapers to exchange news and information, The Canadian Pre ...

and a book ''In The Court of History: An Apology of Canadians Opposed to the Boer War'' (1902) expressing his opposition to the war. Arguing against British involvement in the war on pacifist grounds, Smith's views were uncommon among the

English Canadian English Canadians (french: Canadiens anglais or ), or Anglo-Canadians (french: Anglo-Canadiens), refers to either Canadians of English ethnic origin and heritage or to English-speaking or Anglophone Canadians of any ethnic origin; it is use ...

community of the period. Smith published another anti-imperialist work in 1902, ''Commonwealth or Empire?'', arguing against the United States assuming an imperialistic foreign policy in the aftermath of its victory in the

Spanish–American War , partof = the Philippine Revolution, the decolonization of the Americas, and the Cuban War of Independence , image = Collage infobox for Spanish-American War.jpg , image_size = 300px , caption = (clock ...

Antisemitism

Smith held strong anti-Semitic views. Described by

McMaster University McMaster University (McMaster or Mac) is a public research university in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. The main McMaster campus is on of land near the residential neighbourhoods of Ainslie Wood and Westdale, adjacent to the Royal Botanical Ga ...

professor Alan Mendelson as "the most vicious anti-Semite in the English-speaking world", Smith referred to Jews as "parasites" who absorb "the wealth of the community without adding to it". Research by

Glenn C. Altschuler Glenn Altschuler is an American writer and university-level educator and administrator. At Cornell University, he is the Thomas and Dorothy Litwin Emeritus Professor of American Studies and a Weiss Presidential Fellow. An animating force in Ameri ...

and

Isaac Kramnick Isaac Kramnick (March 6, 1938 – December 21, 2019) was an American political theorist, historian of political thought, political scientist, and the Richard J. Schwartz Professor of Government at Cornell University. He was a subject-matter expert ...

has studied Smith's writings on Jews, which claimed that they were responsible for a form of "repulsion" they provoked in others, due to his assertion of their "peculiar character and habits", including a "preoccupation with money-making", which made them "enemies of civilization". He also denigrated ''

brit milah The ''brit milah'' ( he, בְּרִית מִילָה ''bərīṯ mīlā'', ; Ashkenazi Hebrew, Ashkenazi pronunciation: , "Covenant (religion), covenant of circumcision"; Yiddish pronunciation: ''bris'' ) is Religion and circumcision, the cerem ...

'', a Jewish ritual of circumcision, as a "barborous rite", and proposed either culturally assimilating Jews or deporting them to

Palestine __NOTOC__ Palestine may refer to: * State of Palestine, a state in Western Asia * Palestine (region), a geographic region in Western Asia * Palestinian territories, territories occupied by Israel since 1967, namely the West Bank (including East ...

as a solution to the "

Jewish problem The Jewish question, also referred to as the Jewish problem, was a wide-ranging debate in 19th- and 20th-century European society that pertained to the appropriate status and treatment of Jews. The debate, which was similar to other "national ...

". Smith wrote that "The Jewish objective has always been the same, since

Roman times In modern historiography, ancient Rome refers to Roman civilisation from the founding of the city of Rome in the 8th century BC to the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century AD. It encompasses the Roman Kingdom (753–509 BC ...

. We regard our race as superior to all humanity, and we do not seek our ultimate union with other races, but our final triumph over them." He had a strong influence on

William Lyon Mackenzie King William Lyon Mackenzie King (December 17, 1874 – July 22, 1950) was a Canadian statesman and politician who served as the tenth prime minister of Canada for three non-consecutive terms from 1921 to 1926, 1926 to 1930, and 1935 to 1948. A Li ...

and

Henri Bourassa Joseph-Napoléon-Henri Bourassa (; September 1, 1868 – August 31, 1952) was a French Canadian political leader and publisher. In 1899, Bourassa was outspoken against the British government's request for Canada to send a militia to fight fo ...

. He proposed in other writings that

Jews Jews ( he, יְהוּדִים, , ) or Jewish people are an ethnoreligious group and nation originating from the Israelites Israelite origins and kingdom: "The first act in the long drama of Jewish history is the age of the Israelites""The ...

and

Arabs The Arabs (singular: Arab; singular ar, عَرَبِيٌّ, DIN 31635: , , plural ar, عَرَب, DIN 31635, DIN 31635: , Arabic pronunciation: ), also known as the Arab people, are an ethnic group mainly inhabiting the Arab world in Wester ...

were of the same race. He also believed that

Islamic Islam (; ar, ۘالِإسلَام, , ) is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion centred primarily around the Quran, a religious text considered by Muslims to be the direct word of God (or '' Allah'') as it was revealed to Muhammad, the mai ...

oppression of non-Muslims was for economic factors. In December 2020, the

Cornell University Board of Trustees The Cornell University Board of Trustees is the board of trustees for Cornell University, a private, Ivy League university located in Ithaca, New York. The board is vested with "supreme control" over the entire university, in accordance to universit ...

voted to remove Smith's name from the honorific titles of twelve professors at Cornell. The Board took this action in recognition of Smith's "racist, sexist and anti-Semitic" views. The Board declined to rename Goldwin Smith Hall.

Legacy

Goldwin Smith is credited with the quote "Above all nations is humanity," an inscription that was engraved in a stone bench he offered to

Cornell Cornell University is a private statutory land-grant research university based in Ithaca, New York. It is a member of the Ivy League. Founded in 1865 by Ezra Cornell and Andrew Dickson White, Cornell was founded with the intention to teach an ...

in May 1871. The bench sits in front of Goldwin Smith Hall, named in his honour. This quote is the motto of the

University of Hawaii A university () is an institution of higher (or tertiary) education and research which awards academic degrees in several academic disciplines. Universities typically offer both undergraduate and postgraduate programs. In the United States, th ...

and other institutions around the world (for example, the Cosmopolitan Club at the

University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign The University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (U of I, Illinois, University of Illinois, or UIUC) is a public land-grant research university in Illinois in the twin cities of Champaign and Urbana. It is the flagship institution of the Universit ...

). Another stone bench inscribed with the motto, sits on the campus of

Boğaziçi University Boğaziçi University ( tr, Boğaziçi Üniversitesi), also known as Bosphorus University, is a major research university in Istanbul, Turkey. Its main campus is located on the European side of the Bosphorus, Bosphorus strait. It has six facult ...

in Istanbul. It sits with a clear view down onto the city. After his death, a plaque in his memory was erected outside his birthplace in the town centre of

Reading Reading is the process of taking in the sense or meaning of Letter (alphabet), letters, symbols, etc., especially by Visual perception, sight or Somatosensory system, touch. For educators and researchers, reading is a multifaceted process invo ...

. This still exists, outside the entrance to the Harris Arcade.

Notes

Works

* 1861 – ''Rational Religion, and the Rationalistic Objections of the Bampton Lectures for 1858.'' * 1861 – ''The Foundation of the American Colonies.'' * 1861 – ''The Study of History.'' * 1863 – ''The Empire: A Series of Letters.'' * 1863 – ''On Some Supposed Consequences of the Doctrine of Historical Progress.'' * 1864 – ''Does the Bible Sanction American Slavery''? * 1864 – ''A Letter to a Whig Member of the Southern Independence Association.'' * 1864 – ''A Plea for the Abolition of Tests in the University of Oxford.'' * 1865 – ''The Civil War in America.'' * 1865 – ''England and America.'' * 1865 – ''Lectures on the Study of History.'' * 1867 – ''Three English Statesmen.'' * 1868 – ''The Reorganization of the University of Oxford.'' * 1871 – ''The European Crisis of 1870.'' * 1878 – ''The Political Destiny of Canada.'' * 1880 – ''Cowper.'' * 1881 – ''Lectures and Essays.'' * 1882 – ''Great Britain, America, and Ireland.'' * 1883 – ''False Hopes: Or, Fallacies, Socialistic and Semi-socialistic.'' * 1885 – ''Temperance versus Prohibition.'' * 1886 – ''Dismemberment no Remedy: An address.'' * 1887 – ''Schism in the Anglo-Saxon Race.'' * 1888 – ''Keeping Christmas.'' * 1888 – ''A Trip to England.'' * 1890 – ''Life of Jane Austen.'' * 1891 – ''Canada and the Canadian Question.'' * 1891 – ''Loyalty.'' * 1893 – ''Essays on Questions of the Day.'' * 1893 – ''Oxford and Her Colleges.'' * 1893 – ''The United States: An Outline of Political History.'' * 1893 – ''Bay Leaves: Translations from the Latin Poets.'' * 1893 – ''Specimens of Greek Tragedy: Euripides.'' * 1894 – ''Specimens of Greek Tragedy: Aeschylus and Sophocles.'' * 1896 – ''Guesses at the Riddle of Existence, and Other Essays on Kindred Subjects.'' * 1899 – ''Shakespeare: The Man.'' * 1899 – ''The United Kingdom: A Political History.'' * 1901 – ''Commonwealth or Empire''? * 1902 – ''In the Court of History.'' * 1903 – ''The Founder of Christendom.'' * 1904 – ''The Early Days of Cornell.'' * 1904 – ''Lines of Religious Inquiry.'' * 1904 – ''My Memory of Gladstone.'' * 1905 – ''Irish History and the Irish Question.'' * 1906 – ''In Quest of Light.'' * 1906 – ''Labour and Capital.'' * 1908 – ''No Refuge but in Truth.'' * 1910 – ''Reminiscences.''

Articles

"Has England an Interest in the Disruption of the American Union?,"
''Macmillan's Magazine,'' Vol. X, May/October 1864.
"England and America,"
''The Atlantic Monthly'', Volume XIV, Issue 86, December 1864.
"President Lincoln,"
''Macmillan's Magazine,'' Vol. XI, November 1864/April 1865.
"The Proposed Constitution for British North America,"
''Macmillan's Magazine,'' Vol. XI, November 1864/April 1865.
"The University of Oxford,"
''Harper's New Monthly Magazine,'' Vol. XXX, Issue 180, May 1865
Part II
Vol. XXXI, Issue 181, June 1865.
"Richard Cobden,"
''Macmillan's Magazine,'' Vol. XII, May/October 1865.
"The Death of President Lincoln,"
''Macmillan's Magazine,'' Vol. XII, May/October 1865.
"An Englishman in Normandy,"
''The Atlantic Monthly'', Vol. XVIII, Issue 105, July 1866.
"The Last Republicans of Rome,"
''Macmillan's Magazine,'' Vol. XVII, November 1867/April 1868.
"The Revolution in England,"
''The North American Review,'' Vol. 108, No. 222, Jan. 1869.
"War Under the Old Testament,"
''Advocate of Peace'' (1847–1884), New Series, Vol. 1, No. 6, June 1869.
"The Study of History,"
''The Atlantic Monthly'', Vol. XXV, Issue 147, January 1870.
"The Ecclesiastical Crisis in England,"
''The North American Review,'' Vol. 110, No. 226, Jan. 1870.
"The Aim of Reform,"
''The Fortnightly Review,'' Vol. XVII, 1872.
"The Recent Struggle in the Parliament of Ontario,"
''The Canadian Monthly and National Review,'' Vol. I, 1872.
"The Woman's Rights Movement,"
''The Canadian Monthly and National Review,'' Vol. I, 1872.
"The Late Session of the Parliament of Ontario,"
''The Canadian Monthly and National Review,'' Vol. I, 1872.
"Alfredus Rex Fundator,"
''The Canadian Monthly and National Review,'' Vol. II, July/December 1872.
"The Labour Movement,"
''Contemporary Review,'' Vol. XXI, December 1872/May 1873.
"The Irish Question,"
''The Canadian Monthly and National Review,'' Vol. III, January/June 1873.
"What is Culpable Luxury?,"
''Canadian Monthly and National Review,'' Vol. III, January/June 1873.
"Cowper,"
''Canadian Monthly and National Review,'' Vol. IV, July/December 1873. * "

Female Suffrage Women's suffrage is the right of women to vote in elections. Beginning in the start of the 18th century, some people sought to change voting laws to allow women to vote. Liberal political parties would go on to grant women the right to vot ...

" ''Macmillan's Magazine,'' Vol. XXX, May/October 1874 (separately republished, 1875).
"The Immortality of the Soul,"
''The Canadian Monthly and National Review,'' Vol. IX, 1876. * "The Decline of party Government" Macmillan's Magazine, 1877 (reprinted in Fleming, An Appeal for Essays on Rectification of Parliament (1892), p. 66)
"Falkland and the Puritans: A Reply to Mr. Matthew Arnold,"
''The Contemporary Review,'' Vol. XXIX, December 1876/May 1877.
"The Labour War in the United States,"
''The Contemporary Review,'' Vol. XXX, September 1877.
"The Slaveowner and the Turk,"
''The Contemporary Review,'' Vol. XXX, November 1877.
"The Ninety Years' Agony of France,"
''The Contemporary Review,'' Vol. XXXI, December 1877/March 1878.
"England's Abandonment of the Protectorate of Turkey,"
''The Contemporary Review,'' Vol. XXXI, December 1877/March 1878.
"Can Jews be Patriots?,"
''The Nineteenth Century,'' Vol. III, January/June 1878.
"The Eastern Crisis,"
''Eclectic Magazine,'' Vol. XXVIII, July/December 1878.
"The Greatness of the Romans,"
''The Contemporary Review,'' Vol. XXXII, May 1878.
"Berlin and Afghanistan"
''The Canadian Monthly and National Review'', Vol. I, December 1878.
"The Greatness of England,"
''The Contemporary Review,'' Vol. XXXIV, December 1878.
"Is Universal Suffrage a Failure?,"
''The Atlantic Monthly'', Vol. XLIII, Issue 255, January 1879.
"The Prospect of a Moral Interregnum,"
''The Atlantic Monthly'', Vol. XLIV, Issue 265, November 1879.
"Pessimism,"
''The Atlantic Monthly'', Vol. XLV, Issue 268, February 1880.
"Canada and the United States,"
''The North American Review,'' Vol. 131, No. 284, Jul. 1880.
"The Canadian Tariff,"
''The Contemporary Review,'' Vol. XL, July/December 1881.
"The Jewish Question,"
''The Nineteenth Century,'' Vol. X, July/December 1881.
"Has Science Yet Found a New Basis for Morality?,"
''The Contemporary Review,'' Vol. XLI, January/June 1882.
"Parliament and the Rebellion in Ireland,"
''The Contemporary Review,'' Vol. XLI, January/June 1882.
"The Machinery of Elective Government,"
''The Nineteenth Century,'' Vol. XI, January/June 1882.
"Peel and Cobden,"
''The Nineteenth Century,'' Vol. XI, January/June 1882.
"The 'Home Rule' Fallacy,"
''The Nineteenth Century,'' Vol. XII, July/December 1882.
"The Jews: A Deferred Rejoinder,"
''The Nineteenth Century,'' Vol. XII, July/December 1882.
"Why Send More Irish to America?,"
''The Nineteenth Century,'' Vol. XIII, January/June 1883.
"Evolutionary Ethics and Christianity,"
''The Contemporary Review,'' Vol. XLIV, December 1883.
"The Conflict with the Lords,"
''The Contemporary Review,'' Vol. XLVI, September 1884.
"The Fallacy of Irish History,"
''Choice Literature,'' Vol. III, 1885.
"The Organization of Democracy,"
''The Eclectic Magazine,'' Vol. XLI, 1885.
"The Expansion of England,"
''Choice Literature,'' Vol. III, 1885.
"The Administration of Ireland,"
''The Contemporary Review,'' Vol. XLVIII, July/December 1885.
"The Capital of the United States,"
''Macmillan's Magazine,'' Vol. LIV, May/October 1886.
"Election Notes,"
''Macmillan's Magazine,'' Vol. LIV, May/October 1886.
"England Revited,"
''Macmillan's Magazine,'' Vol. LIV, May/October 1886.
"John Bunyan,"
''The Contemporary Review,'' Vol. L, October 1886.
"The Political History of Canada,"
''The Nineteenth Century,'' Vol. XX, July/December 1886.
"The Moral of the Late Crisis,"
''The Nineteenth Century,'' Vol. XX, July/December 1886.
"The Canadian Constitution,"
''The Contemporary Review,'' Vol. LII, July 1887.
"The Railway Question in Manitoba,"
''The Contemporary Review,'' Vol. LII, October 1887.
"American Statesmen,"Part II
''The Nineteenth Century,'' Vol. XXIII, January/June 1888.
"The Policy of Aggrandizement,"
''The Popular Science Monthly,'' Supplement, 1888.
"Shakespeare's Religion and Politics,"
''Macmillan's Magazine,'' Vol. LIX, November 1888/April 1889.
"The American Commonwealth,"
''Macmillan's Magazine,'' Vol. LIX, November 1888/April 1889.
"Prohibitionism in Canada and the United States,"
''Macmillan's Magazine,'' Vol. LIX, November 1888/April 1889.
"Progress and War,"
''Macmillan's Magazine,'' Vol. LX, May/October 1889.
"Canada and the Jesuits,"
''Macmillan's Magazine,'' Vol. LX, May/October 1889.
"Prophets of Unrest,"
''The Forum'', Vol IX, August 1889.
"Woman's Place in the State,"
''The Forum'', Vol. IX, January 1890.
"The Hatred of England,"
''The North American Review,'' Vol. 150, No. 402, May 1890. * "Canada through English Eyes," ''The Forum,'' May 1890.
"A True Captain of Industry: Thomas Brassey,"
''The Methodist Magazine,'' Vol. XXXI, January/June 1890.
"A Moral Crusader,"
''Macmillan's Magazine,'' Vol. LXII, May/October 1890.
"The Two Mr. Pitts,"
''Macmillan's Magazine,'' Vol. LXII, May/October 1890.
"The American Tariff,"
''Macmillan's Magazine,'' Vol. LXII, May/October 1890.
"Exit McKinley,"
''Macmillan's Magazine,'' Vol. LXIII, November 1890/April 1891.
"Mr. Lecky on Pitt,"
''Macmillan's Magazine,'' Vol. LXIII, November 1890/April 1891. * "Will Morality Survive Religion?," ''The Forum,'' April 1891.
"New Light on the Jewish Question,"
''The North American Review,'' Vol. 153, No. 417, Aug. 1891.Bendavid, Isaac Besht (1891)
"Goldwin Smith and the Jews,"
''The North American Review,'' Vol. 153, No. 418, pp. 257–271. * "Burke's Defence of Party" from the North American Review (1892) (reprinted in Fleming, An Appeal for Essays on Rectification of Parliament (1892), p. 151)
"Party Government on Its Trial,"
''The North American Review,'' Vol. 154, No. 426, May 1892.
"The Contest for the Presidency,"
''The Nineteenth Century,'' Vol. XXXII, July/December 1892.
"Anglo-Saxon Union: A Response to Mr. Carnegie,"
''The North American Review,'' Vol. 157, No. 441, Aug. 1893.
"The Situation at Washington,"
''The Nineteenth Century,'' Vol. XXXIV, July/December 1893.
"Problems and Perils of British Politics,"
''The North American Review,'' Vol. 159, No. 452, Jul. 1894.
"Arthur Stanley,"
''The Nineteenth Century,'' Vol. XXXV, January/June 1894.
"The Impending Revolution,"
''The Nineteenth Century,'' Vol. XXXV, January/June 1894.
"The House of Lords: Reform by 'Resolution',"
''The Nineteenth Century,'' Vol. XXXV, January/June 1894. * "Froude," ''The North American Review,'' December 1894.
"Our Situation Viewed from Without,"
''The North American Review,'' Vol. 160, No. 462, May 1895.
"The Colonial Conference,"
''The Contemporary Review,'' Vol. LXVII, January/June 1895.
"The Manchester School,"
''The Contemporary Review,'' Vol. LXVII, January/June 1895.
"Guesses at the Riddle of Existence,"
''The North American Review,'' Vol. 161, No. 465, Aug. 1895.
"The Canadian Copyright Bill,"
''The Canadian Magazine,'' Vol. V, 1895.
"Christianity's Millstone,"
''The North American Review,'' Vol. 161, No. 469, Dec. 1895. * "The Manitoba Schools Question," ''The Forum,'' March 1896. * "Is There Another Life?," ''The Forum,'' July 1896.
"A Reply,"
''The Canadian Magazine,'' Vol. VII, 1986. * "The Brewing of the Storm," ''The Forum,'' December 1896.
"A Constitutional Misfit,"
''The North American Review,'' Vol. 164, No. 486, May 1897.
"The Disintegration of Political Party,"
''The North American Review,'' Vol. 164, No. 487, Jun. 1897.
"Are Our School Histories Anglophobe?,"
''The North American Review,'' Vol. 165, No. 490, Sep. 1897.
"Not Dead Yet!,"
''The Canadian Magazine,'' Vol. X, No. 2, December 1897.
"Is the Constitution Outworn?,"
''The North American Review,'' Vol. 166, No. 496, Mar. 1898.
"The Origin of Morality,"
''The North American Review,'' Vol. 167, No. 503, Oct. 1898. * "The Moral of the Cuban War," ''The Forum,'' November 1898.
"American Histories."
In: ''Among My Books.'' New York: Longmans, Green & Co., 1899.
"Imperialism in the United States,"
''The Contemporary Review,'' Vol. LXXV, May 1899.
"The Failure of Party Government,"
''The Nineteenth Century,'' Vol. XLV, January/June 1899.
"War as a Moral Medicine,"
''The Atlantic Monthly'', Vol. LXXXVI, Issue 518, December 1900.
"The Last Phase of Napoleon,"
''The Atlantic Monthly'', Vol. LXXXVII, Issue 520, Feb 1901.
"The Irish Question,"
''The North American Review,'' Vol. 172, No. 535, Jun. 1901.
"Wellington,"
''The Atlantic Monthly'', Vol. LXXXVII, Issue 524, June 1901.
"The Political Situation in England,"
''The North American Review,'' Vol. 173, No. 538, Sep. 1901.
"The Age of Homer,"
''The American Historical Review,'' Vol. VII, No. 1, Oct. 1901.
"The Confederate Cruisers,"
''The Independent'', Vol. LIV, 1902.
"A Gallery of Portraits,"
''The North American Review,'' Vol. 176, No. 557, Apr. 1903.
"Is Morality Shifting in its Foundation?,"
''The Booklovers Magazine,'' Vol. I, No. 1, 1903.
"Strenuous Life,"
''The Independent,'' Vol. LV, 1903.
"Mr. Morley's Life of Gladstone,"Part II
''The North American Review,'' Vol. 177, No. 565, Dec. 1903.
"The Immortality of the Soul,"
''The North American Review,'' Vol. 178, No. 570, May 1904.
"English Poetry and English History,"
''The American Historical Review,'' Vol. 10, No. 1, Oct. 1904.
"City Government,"
''The Independent,'' Vol. LVIII, 1905.
"The Marquis of Dufferin and Ava,"
''The Independent,'' Vol. LVIII, 1905.
"The Treatment of History,"
''The American Historical Review,'' Vol. 10, No. 3, Apr. 1905.
"The Passing of the Household,"
''The Independent'', Vol. LIX, 1905.
"Are We 'Re-Barbarized'"?
''The Independent'', Vol. LIX, 1905.
"Burke on Party,"
''The American Historical Review,'' Vol. 11, No. 1, Oct. 1905.
"Is it Religious Persecution?,"
''The Independent'', Vol. LX, 1906.
"The Impending Conflict,"
''The Independent'', Vol. LXI, 1906.
"British Empire in India,"
''The North American Review,'' Vol. 183, No. 598, 7 September 1906.
"Chief-Justice Clark on the Defects of the American Constitution,"
''The North American Review,'' Vol. 183, No. 602, 2 November 1906.
"The Stage of Former Days,"
''The Canadian Magazine,'' Vol. XXVIII, November 1906/April 1907.
"Toronto: A Turn in its History,"
''The Canadian Magazine,'' Vol. XXVIII, November 1906/April 1907. * "The Church Question in France," ''The Outlook,'' 2 February 1907.
"The Perils of the Republic,"
''The North American Review,'' Vol. 184, No. 610, 1 March 1907.
"Ireland,"
''The North American Review,'' Vol. 185, No. 614, 3 May 1907.
"Party Government"
''The Canadian Magazine,'' Vol. XXIX, No. 4, August 1907.
"Evolution, Immortality and the Christian Religion: A Reply,"
''The North American Review,'' Vol. 186, No. 623, Oct. 1907. * "Magdalen College, Oxford," ''The Outlook,'' 14 September 1907.
"Reform of the Senate,"
''The Canadian Magazine,'' Vol. XXX, No. 6, April 1908.
"The Religious Situation,"
''The North American Review,'' Vol. 187, No. 629, Apr. 1908.
"The Socialist Manifesto,"
''The Canadian Magazine,'' Vol. XXXI, May/October 1908.
"War,"
''The Canadian Magazine,'' Vol. XXXI, May/October 1908.
"Party Government,"
''The North American Review,'' Vol. 188, No. 636, Nov. 1908.
"Has England Wronged Ireland?,"
''The Nineteenth Century and After,'' Vol. LXIV, July/December 1908.
"The Crisis in India,"
''The Canadian Magazine,'' Vol. XXXII, November 1908/April 1909.
"Labour and Socialism,"
''The Canadian Magazine,'' Vol. XXXII, November 1908/April 1909. * "The American Civil War," ''McClure's Magazine,'' September 1910. * "The Founding of Cornell University and His Introduction into Washington Society," ''McClure's Magazine,'' October 1910.
"Last Words on Ireland,"
''The Nineteenth Century and After,'' Vol. LXVIII, July/December 1910.
"My Early Connection with London Journalism,"
''The Canadian Magazine,'' Vol. XXXVI, November 1910/April 1911.

Miscellany

* *
"Letters of Goldwin Smith to Charles Eliot Norton"
''Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society'' 49, October 1915/June 1916, pp. 106–160.

References

External links

* Obituaries
New-York TribuneThe Dial
* * *
Works by Goldwin Smith
at

Hathi Trust HathiTrust Digital Library is a large-scale collaborative repository of digital content from research libraries including content digitized via Google Books and the Internet Archive digitization initiatives, as well as content digitized locally ...

Works by Goldwin Smith
at

Europeana Europeana is a web portal created by the European Union containing digitised cultural heritage collections of more than 3,000 institutions across Europe. It includes records of over 50 million cultural and scientific artefacts, brought togethe ...

Works by Goldwin Smith
at The Online Library of Liberty * The Cambridge History of English and American Literature

Biography at the ''Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online''

Goldwin Smith on War

Goldwin's Myth
* Toronto's Historical Plaques

The St. George's Society and Mr. Goldwin SmithGuide to the Goldwin Smith Collection circa 1860
at th
University of Chicago Special Collections Research Center
{{DEFAULTSORT:Smith, Goldwin 1823 births 1910 deaths Alumni of Magdalen College, Oxford Antisemitism in Canada Antisemitism in the United Kingdom Cornell University Department of History faculty English expatriates in Canada English expatriates in the United States 19th-century English historians English male journalists Fellows of University College, Oxford Members of the American Antiquarian Society People educated at Eton College People from Reading, Berkshire Persons of National Historic Significance (Canada) Presidents of the American Historical Association Regius Professors of History (University of Oxford) Burials at St. James Cemetery, Toronto